Journal: Brain Sciences

Article Title: Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Visceral Hypersensitivity and Gastric Motility and Depression-like Behaviors via Vago-Vagal Pathway in a Rat Model of Functional Dyspepsia

doi: 10.3390/brainsci13020253

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Flowchart of experiment one. All ten-day-old SD rats except for control rats received iodoacetamide (IA) daily for 6 days and housed normally to grow until adulthood of 8 weeks old. Surgical implantations for ECG and EMG were performed at the age of 8 weeks and then recovered for 1 week. Physiological measurements were made at the 9th week and after the 11th week. Wire implantation for aVNS or sham-aVNS were performed at the age of 8 weeks and then recovered for 1 week at each group. The treatment (aVNS or sham-aVNS) was conducted for 2 weeks (9th week to 11th week). Only the EMG was performed after the 9th week and 10th week. ( B ) Flowchart of experiment two. All ten-day-old SD rats received the same IA treatment. Subphrenic vagotomy were performed at the age of 8 weeks and then recovered for 1 week. aVNS was conducted as experiment one. Physiological measurements were made after the 11th week. ( C ) aVNS schematic diagram.

Article Snippet: EMG recording: EMG responses to gastric distension (GD) at different pressures (20, 40, 60 and 80 mmHg) were recorded using an EMG amplifier (Labchart 16-channel physiological signal recording and analysis system bioelectric amplifier, ADINSTRUMENTS, Dunedin, New Zealand).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Brain Sciences

Article Title: Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Visceral Hypersensitivity and Gastric Motility and Depression-like Behaviors via Vago-Vagal Pathway in a Rat Model of Functional Dyspepsia

doi: 10.3390/brainsci13020253

Figure Lengend Snippet: Assessment of rat model. ( a ) Different EMG waveforms changes response to gastric distension (GD) of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mmHg in control rats and IA-treated rats. ( b ) Gastric emptying results in control rats and IA-treated rats. The index was detected from 12 sacrificed rats after the 9th week (6 rats were randomly picked in control group and IA-treated group, respectively). The independent sample t-test was used. ( c ) EMG change ratio response to GD in all rats when rat model was induced. ( d ) The open field test (OFT) results when rat model was induced in all rats. All indexes were tested after the 9th week and before aVNS or sham-aVNS. One-way ANOVA was used, and the LSD method was used for post hoc tests in EMG change ratio and OFT. EMG: electromyography. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. C: control group; IA: IA-treated group. n = 6 per group. Data were presented as means ± standard deviation.

Article Snippet: EMG recording: EMG responses to gastric distension (GD) at different pressures (20, 40, 60 and 80 mmHg) were recorded using an EMG amplifier (Labchart 16-channel physiological signal recording and analysis system bioelectric amplifier, ADINSTRUMENTS, Dunedin, New Zealand).

Techniques: Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: Brain Sciences

Article Title: Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Visceral Hypersensitivity and Gastric Motility and Depression-like Behaviors via Vago-Vagal Pathway in a Rat Model of Functional Dyspepsia

doi: 10.3390/brainsci13020253

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of the aVNS. ( A ) EMG change ratio results after one-week intervention in all rats. ( B ) Comparison results of EMG change ratio before and after aVNS. ( C ) Comparison results of EMG change ratio before and after sham-aVNS. ( D ) Gastric emptying after two-week intervention in all rats. ( E , F ) OFT results after two-week intervention in all rats. ( G ) Comparison results of horizontal scores before and after aVNS. ( H ) Comparison results of vertical scores before and after sham-aVNS. A paired t-test was adopted for comparison in ( B , C , G , H ). One-way ANOVA was used, and the LSD method was used for post hoc tests in ( A , D , E , F ) (except for 80 mmHg in A Tamhane’s T2(M) method was used). EMG: electromyography. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. C: control group; IA: IA-treated group. n = 6 per group. Data were presented as means ± standard deviation.

Article Snippet: EMG recording: EMG responses to gastric distension (GD) at different pressures (20, 40, 60 and 80 mmHg) were recorded using an EMG amplifier (Labchart 16-channel physiological signal recording and analysis system bioelectric amplifier, ADINSTRUMENTS, Dunedin, New Zealand).

Techniques: Comparison, Control, Standard Deviation